with, included, including 包含
including 加與不加逗號
此處的 including 已經轉化為介系詞(功能類似介系詞 with),後面直接接名詞。它強調的是「前面的整體主動包含了這些項目」,通常用來補充說明細節或清單。
要加逗號:當它是「補充說明」(非限定用法)
前面的名詞已經很明確、完整了,including 後面只是順便舉例或補充額外資訊。即使把 including 後面的東西拿掉,整句話的意思依然完全成立。
- I love tropical fruits, including mangoes and bananas. (我喜歡熱帶水果,包含芒果和香蕉。)
- 「熱帶水果」已經是一個完整的概念,後面的芒果和香蕉只是舉例。如果拿掉後半句(I love tropical fruits.),句子意思依然完整,所以要加逗號。
不用加逗號:當它是「限定範圍」
including 後面的內容是不可或缺的關鍵資訊,用來「精準界定」前面那個比較籠統的名詞。如果拿掉這段話,整句話的意思會變得不完整或意義改變。
- We are looking for a hotel including breakfast. (我們正在尋找一間包含早餐的飯店。)
- 解析: 如果你寫 We are looking for a hotel. 雖然文法對,但意思變得太模糊(你想找哪種飯店?)。including breakfast 是用來精準限定你想要的條件,屬於不可或缺的訊息,所以不加逗號。
- Products including dairy can cause allergies. (包含乳製品的產品可能會引起過敏。)
- 解析: 這裡不是指「所有產品」都會過敏,而是特指「包含乳製品的那些」,不能拿掉,故不加逗號。
including 原句
- We are looking for a hotel including breakfast.
- 原句:We are looking for a hotel (which is) including breakfast(包含早餐的)
- 省略關代與動詞(which is)
- including 主動後位修飾(形容)前面的a hotel
- 這間飯店本身「主動包含了」早餐這個項目。
including 補充說明的例句
日常最常見的情況(例如列舉清單、補充說明價格或範例時),通常前面會加逗號
- The price is $50, including tax.價格是50美元,含稅。
- 整體價格主動包含了稅金,including 當作介系詞使用。
- We visited three cities, including Paris and London.我們參觀了三個城市,包含巴黎和倫敦。
- 用來補充說明「那三個城市」具體包含了哪些地方。
- All members must pay the fee, including new students.所有成員都必須繳費,包含新生在內。
- 全體成員的主體包含了新生。
- The museum is open daily, including weekends.這間博物館每天都開館,包含週末。
- 日常的範圍主動包含了週末。
- There are five people in the room, including me.房間裡有五個人,包括我在內。
- 五個人的總數中包含了「我」。
with 東西 included(被包含) 被動狀態
名詞(如早餐、稅金)是被動被包含在整體之中的,因此使用過去分詞 included。
這個結構通常用來放在句尾,補充說明某個組合或方案的狀態。
with + 受詞 + 過去分詞
- We are looking for a hotel with breakfast included.
- with breakfast included 被動後位修飾breakfast
- 在飯店裡,早餐這個品項是「被包含在內的」(Breakfast is included)。
例句:
- I bought a computer with a mouse included.我買了一台附滑鼠的電腦。
- a mouse(滑鼠)是主體,後面接 included(被包含),形成後位修飾。
- The package with all taxes included is a great deal.這個含所有稅金的方案非常划算。
- taxes(稅金)被 included 修飾,整個片語夾在中間補充說明 package。
-
We need a tour plan with flights included.我們需要一個含機票的旅遊計畫。
- The hotel room is $100 per night, with breakfast included.這間飯店房間一晚100美元,含早餐。
- 早餐是被包含在房費裡的,所以用 included。
- We offer a complete tour package with flights and hotels included.我們提供包含機票和飯店的完整旅遊套裝行程。
- 機票與飯店都是被包含在套裝裡的受詞。
- You can buy the camera with a lens included for a better price.你可以用更優惠的價格買到這台附鏡頭的相機。
- 鏡頭是被包含在相機組合裡的。
- The tuition fee is $500, with all textbooks included.學費是500美元,包含所有教科書。
- 教科書是被包含在學費專案中的。
- This is a great deal with shipping included.這是一筆很划算的交易,已包含運費。
- 運費是被包含在總價裡面的。
include動詞 + 名詞/Ving (包含)
- This ticket includes admission to the main museum.這張票包含主博物館的門票。
- Our service includes free airport pickup.我們的服務包含免費機場接送。
- The meal includes a main course, a drink, and a dessert.這套餐點包含主餐、飲料和甜點。
- Her job includes answering customer emails.她的工作包含回覆客戶的電子郵件。
- 動詞後面的名詞受詞也可以是動名詞(V-ing)型態。
- The software includes a 30-day free trial.這個軟體包含30天免費試用。
- 軟體本身帶有這個功能或福利。
with + 受詞 + 補語
with + 名詞(受詞) + 分詞/形容詞/介系詞片語(補語)
這裡的 with 是 包含,形容物品的狀態。
with + 物品 + included (包含)
- with toothpaste included
- included(包含在內的 / 過去分詞當形容詞)
- 牙膏本身是「被」飯店包含進去的(被動關係),所以必須用過去分詞(V−ed)。
- with breakfast included(含早餐的)
- I want a room with breakfast included. (我要一間含早餐的房間。 → 早餐「被」包含在房費裡)
- I’d like to book a room with breakfast included.(我想預訂一間含早餐的房間。)
- with tax included(含稅的)
- Is the price with tax included?(這個價格是含稅的嗎?)
- with drinks included(含飲料的)
- They offer a dinner package with drinks included.(他們提供一套含飲料的晚餐方案。)
- with shipping included(含運費的)
- I found an online store with shipping included.(我找到一家包郵/含運費的網路商店。)
放在名詞後面當形容詞
- I’d like to book a room with breakfast included.
- with breakfast included 放在名詞 room 的後面,早餐被包含)