分詞/關代
現在分詞 (V-ing)
分詞(V-ing)當作「形容詞」來修飾前面的名詞,表示主動或正在進行的動作。
- It’s a guy delivering a pizza?
- 原句:a guy who is delivering a pizza
- 這裡的 delivering 就像一個小型的形容詞子句(的簡化版),專門用來形容這個男生正在做什麼事。
- 原句:The man who is wearing a hat.
- 簡化:The man wearing a hat.
- 語感:把 who is 刪掉。這是在描述「正在做某動作的人」。
這個「名詞 + V-ing」的結構在生活中超級常用,你可以直接套用:
- I saw a dog chasinga cat.(我看到一隻正在追貓的狗。)
- Who is the woman standingover there?(站在那裡的那位女士是誰?)
- Do you know the man wearing a black jacket?(你認識那個穿著黑色夾克的男人嗎?)
- The man (who is) wearing a hat.
- The boy running in the park.(正在公園跑步的男孩。)
- The girl talking to your boss.(正在跟妳主管談話的女孩。)
例句:
- The man repairing your car is a professional mechanic. (那個正在修你車的男人是一個專業技師。)
- The dog barking at the mailman belongs to our neighbor. (那隻對著郵差吠叫的狗是我們鄰居的。)
- The laptop running on the latest operating system is extremely fast. (那台運行最新作業系統的筆電非常快。)
- Children playing in the park are laughing loudly. (在公園裡玩耍的孩子們在大聲笑著。)
過去分詞 (V-ed/V3)
過去分詞(V-ed,表示被動/完成)
- 原句:The man who was hit by a car.
- 簡化:The man hit by a car.
- 語感:把 who was 刪掉。這是在描述「被怎麼樣的人」或「處於某種狀態的人」。
- The document (which is) prepared for you.(為會議準備好的文件。)
- The code written by my coworker.(我同事寫的程式碼。)
例句:
- The letter written in French was hard to read. (那封用法文寫成的信很難讀。)
- The document signed by the director is valid now. (由總監簽署的文件現在才有效。)
- The car parked in the driveway is blocking the way. (停在車道上的那輛車把路擋住了。)
介系詞片語
- 原句:The man who is at the door.
- 簡化:The man at the door.
- 語感:把 who is 刪掉。這是你剛剛才學過的「名詞 + 介系詞片語」。
- The person (who is) at the door.
- The coffee on the desk.(桌上的咖啡。)
-
The problem at work.(工作上的問題。)
- Are you thinking about the problem at work? 你(現在)正在想工作上的那個問題嗎? 這句話裡的 “at work”,修飾的是前面的 “the problem”。 所以這句話的結構其實是:
- The problem at work= 工作上的那個問題
- “at work”就像一個小標籤,告訴對方這個問題是屬於「工作場所」的,而不是屬於「家裡的」或「朋友間的」。 「工作上的某件事」,直接在名詞後面加上 “at work”就行了
- 「我正在上班中」:用 I’m at work.(狀態/地點)
- 「工作上的問題」:用 The problem at work.(歸類/標籤)
關係代名詞
關係代名詞 that 引導的子句,絕大多數情況下是「形容詞子句」(用來修飾前面的先行詞),而不是名詞子句。
- It’s the sweater we saw yesterday at the store!
- 原句:The sweater which/that we saw yesterday at the store(我們昨天在店裡看到的那件毛衣)。
關係代名詞是把二個句子「連接」在一起,
- 原始兩句話:
- I know the person. (我認識那個人。)
- The person is standing at the door. (那個人正站在門口。)
- 進化成關代子句:
- I know the person who is standing at the door.
- 進化成極簡的介系詞片語:
-
I know the person at the door.
- 原句: I saw a man. The man was wearing a hat.(兩句斷開)
-
合併: I saw a man who was wearing a hat.(一句搞定)
- The book (that) I read.→ 直接說 The book I read.
- The man (who) I met.→ 直接說 The man I met
that 幾乎可以用來替代 who 和 which。
- The person who I saw→ The person that I saw(沒人會覺得你錯,反而聽起來很自然)
-
The book which I read→ The book that I read
- Did you know that he was a doctor in France?
強調動作 Who/That。
- The person who works here.(在這裡工作的那個人。)
強調所有權 Whose。
- The girl whose bag I found.(我撿到她包包的那個女生。)
標記位置 介系詞片語
- The girl with the bag. (那個帶著包包的女生。)
關係代名詞 vs. 介系詞片語
這兩者都是用來補充說明名詞,差別在於「精確度」:
- 介系詞片語 (精簡):The person at the door.(這是最簡單的方式,不需要動詞,適合說位置或狀態。)
- 關係代名詞 (詳細):The person who is standing at the door.(這是完整句型,用了 who 這個關代,加上了動作 standing,語氣更具體。)
在表達複雜的想法時,就會需要使用 關係代名詞
- 關係代名詞: The error that I found in the file yesterday.
為了簡潔,通常會大量使用介系詞片語
- 介系詞片語: The error in the file.
比較表格
當你覺得「介系詞片語」資訊不夠用(例如你想形容一個人的動作、狀態、或擁有的東西),你就必須請出 who, whom, that, whose 來幫忙:
| 關代 | 用法重點 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| Who | 修飾人,當「主詞」 | The person who is calling me. (那個正在打給我的人。) |
| Whom | 修飾人,當「受詞」 | The person whom I spoke to. (我剛才談話的那個人。) |
| That | 可修飾人或物,通常很通用 | The book that is on the table. (桌上的那本書。) |
| Whose | 修飾「所有格」 (誰的…) | The man whose car is parked outside. (車子停在外面那個男人。) |
疑問子句
- Are you looking for where the ticket is?
- I don’t know where she is now…
疑問子句 + to
- but do you know where to buy glasses?
子句
- You look like someone I knew many years ago!