地方副詞 close to, near, beside
副詞
在文法中,只要一個詞或一組詞是用來表達時間、地點、方式、頻率,並且可以隨意移到句首或句尾而不影響主句結構時,它就是副詞(或副詞片語)。
介系詞
為什麼它叫介系詞?
因為它「介」在 A 和 B的中間(也就是擺在名詞前面),用來交代 A 和 B 的空間相對位置。
A is 介系詞 B
He is in the park.
be動詞它是用來形容「他的狀態」,他「在」公園裡。
in 介在 A(He) 和 B(the park) 之間,描述位置。
in 大地方(大範圍)/國家
in the Park.
in Taiwan.
- Do you like the weather in Taiwan?
in在裡面
- Are you in the classroom?你在教室里吗?
- They are in a coffee shop.
in 範圍
- She’s the tallest girl in my school.
in 走廊
- in the hall(大廳、走廊、會堂)
- in the school hall學校禮堂
- in the hallway(在走廊裡)-way(意指道路、通道)
- in the corridor(在走廊/通道裡)
-
in the lobby(在大廳裡)
- Don’t leave your shoes in the hallway.(別把鞋子留在走廊上。)
in 在容器裡
- Duo’s gloves are in that drawer.多儿的手套在那个抽屉里。
- Are my socks in the drawer?我的袜子在抽屉里吗?
- Her sweaters are not in her closet.她的毛衣不在她的衣柜里。
in在冰箱裡
- Do we have milk in the refrigerator?
- The food is in the refrigerator.
動詞 + into
into 強烈帶有「方向性」和「動態過程」。
into = 從外面往裡面移動(動態)。
- Put the money into the red envelope.
- 錢原本在外面(手上或桌上),然後你移動它,把它「放進」紅包袋的這個動作過程裡。
- Put the money in the red envelope.
- in 比較像是描述結果(讓錢處於「在紅包裡」的狀態)
用 into(強調動態、放進去):
- Put the letter into the envelope.(把信放進信封裡。)
- Jump into the pool.(跳進游泳池裡——人從外面跳進去。)
用 in(強調靜止、已經在裡面):
- The money is in the red envelope.(錢在紅包袋裡——已經在裡面了,是狀態。
on the street/ on the first floor
- There’s a coffee shop on this street. 在这条街上有一个咖啡店。
- Ary you on the third floor or the first floor?你在三层还是一层?
on the beach(在沙灘上)
- We spent the whole day relaxing on the beach.(我們一整天都在沙灘上放鬆。)
on the credit card 信用卡上
- There are too many numbers on this credit card.在这张信用卡上有太多号码!
方向副詞 (down/up) + to + 目的地
- I’ll take the elevator down to the fourth floor.
- Go down to the first floor.(下樓去一樓。)
- down to + 樓層
- Fly up to the second floor.(坐手扶梯上二樓。)
at小地點
- Oscar is at an art museum.
- We can meet at a cafe.
at 專屬名詞
at 專屬名詞,前面不加a、the
- I met my friend at Big Ben yesterday morning.我昨天早上在大笨鐘见了我的朋友。
at the end of
- Is there a bookstore at the end of that street?
at the front 在前面/在最前面
- Which room is at the front?哪一個房間在前面?
什麼時候一定要加 of?當你想明確交代「是在『什麼東西』的前面」時,就必須加上 of,後面再接那個名詞。
at the front of + 名詞(基準點)
- Which room is at the front of the house?(哪一個房間在這棟房子的前面?)
- My seat is at the front of the bus.(我的座位在公車的前面。)
💡 簡單的記憶心法:
如果範圍很明確、不需要特別強調是哪裡的「前面」,直接講 at the front 即可。
如果怕對方聽不懂是「哪裡」的前面,就要補上 of + 某個場所(例如 of the house, of the building)。
at the table 在桌邊
- Lin sees her grandmother, Lucy, at the table.
leaves the table 離開桌子(離開位子)
- Lucy leaves the table.
be + here/there 這裡/那裡
- I’m here but I don’t see him. Is he here? Can we call him?
- she’s not here now.
- we were not there last night.我们昨晚不在那里。
- It’s nice to be here again.
- Now you’re here! We can finally be together!
inside
咖啡店在楼的里面,不在外面。
- The coffee shop is inside the building, not outside.
outside 外面
- It’s too hot outside. It’s the hottest day in August. I want to go home.
- The swimming pool is outside.
- It’s hot outside.
- Do you want to sleep outside instead?
- You don’t even sleep outside!
- I’ll look outside the tent.
- A fire was inside his house.
outside + 建築 (什麼建築的外面)
- outside the house(房子外面)
- outside the office(辦公室外面)
- outside the store(店鋪外面)
- outside the restaurant(餐廳外面)
- outside the school(學校外面)
- outside the interview room.(面試室外面)
動詞 + outside
- look outside(看外面)
- It’s raining. Let’s look outside.(外面在下雨。我們看外面吧。)
- look outside the tent(看著帳篷外面)
- wait outside the office(在辦公室外面等)
near 附近
跟next to 差不多
- Do you want the duck near the water or on the grass?
- near the zoo(在动物园附近)
- I am from a small town near Shanghai.(我来自上海附近的一个小镇。)
- In 1990, there were many restaurants near my school, but there was only one cafe.
- Is there a hotel near the airport?在机场附近有一个酒店吗?
- There is a park near the hotel.在酒店附近有一个公园。
- Our village is near the sea. 我们的村子在海的附近。
- There are a few grocery stores near my apartment.在我的公寓附近有几个杂货店。
- Our village is near the sea. 我们的村子在海的附近。
close to 離…很近、在「附近」
close to 的核心意思是「離…很近」。它強調的是距離短,但不代表兩個東西要緊緊貼在一起,中間隔著一條街、一排樹都沒關係。
- He needs to sit closer to the blackboard.他需要坐得离黑板更近。
- My house is close to the store.離超商很近。走路 3 分鐘會到,可能隔了一條街。
- My office is close to the station.(我的辦公室離車站很近。)
- Is it close to here?(離這裡近嗎?)
- Our new house is closer to our grandparents’ village.
- Our house is close to the river, but it’s closer to
the garden.我們家離河流很近,但離花園更近。
- 想像你家在中間。走路去河流要 5 分鐘(很近了),但走路去花園只要 2 分鐘。因為 close to 是一個可以拉長縮短的距離,所以你才可以把 close 變成比較級 closer(更近)。
- This building is close to that park.(这座楼靠近那个公园 )
- He needs to sit close to the blackboard.他需要坐得離黑板近一點
- He sat close to the window.他坐得離窗戶很近。
- Is there a restaurant close to Duo’s house?靠近多儿的房子有 一个餐斤吗?
- Cambridge Is closer to London or Oxford?剑桥离伦敦还是离牛津近?
close to (時間上的接近)
- It is close to 7.快七點了
- It’s close to five now.
- It’s close to eleven o’clock now.
- We’ll eat dinner close to five.我們快五點時吃飯
beside 在旁邊
一個人站在另一個人的身側,或是某個風景在另一個物體的旁邊
beside 的核心意思是「在…旁邊(側邊)
- She stood beside the window, looking out.她站在窗戶旁,看著外面
- My house is beside the store.在超商旁邊。就在超商的側邊,你家跟超商都在同一條路上。
by 在…旁邊
當 by 後面接一個地方或物體時,意思是「緊鄰在它的旁邊」。它幾乎等於 beside 或 next to。
- He is standing by the window. (他站在窗戶旁。)
- Let’s meet by the entrance. (我們在門口旁邊碰頭吧。)
- I want a duck by the water. (我想要一隻在水邊的鴨子。 ➔ 比 near 更靠近水面)
| 講法 | 距離感 | 大腦畫面 |
|---|---|---|
| near the water | 附近 | 鴨子在離水面走路 1-2 分鐘的草地上。 |
| by the water | 旁邊 | 鴨子就在水岸邊,腳快碰水了。 |
by 地點
by 代表「在…旁邊」
- We eat by the water.我們在水邊吃飯
by(極度貼近的距離),常用於表達情感上的陪伴。
- by your side(在你的身邊)
- Don’t worry, I’ll always be by your side.(別擔心,我會一直陪在你的身邊。)
by 時間 (在…之前 / 最晚到…為止)
當 by後面接時間時,大腦會畫出一條「死線(Deadline)」。意思是「不能超過這個時間點,在這個時間之前就要完成」。
- Please finish the report by Friday. (請在週五前完成報告。)
- I will be home by 10 PM. (我最晚 10 點前會到家。)
by 被動
由…所做(被動)
在看電影、聽歌或讀書時,作者名字前面一定會加 by,意思是「出自某人之手」。
- A song by Taylor Swift (泰勒絲唱的歌)
- The photo was taken by me. (這張照片是我拍的。)
behind
A is behind B
A 在 B 的後面,be動詞表達狀態
- A 和 B 都是人(排隊/站位)
- He is behind me.他在我後面。
- A 是建築物,B 也是建築物(找路)
- The coffee shop is behind the station.咖啡廳在車站後面。
- Is there a bus stop behind the house?有一個公車站牌在房子的後面嗎?
- A 是車子,B 是建築物(找車位)
- My car is behind the building.我的車在那棟建築物後面
- Is there a bus stop behind the hotel?在酒店后面有一个公交车站吗?
一般動詞 + behind
這個動作是什麼東西的後面發生的。
- He is hiding behind the door.他躲在門後面。 躲 hide 這個動作發生在門後面
- She walked behind me.她走在我後面。 走路 walk 這個動作發生在我身後
- A lot of people are waiting behind you!很多人在我後面等。 等wait這個動作發生在我後面
- Someone is standing behind you.”(有人站在你後面。)站stand這個動作發生在我後面。
主詞 + be動詞 + behind + 地點
主角靜止在那裡。 (The bike isbehind the library.)
主詞 + 動作動詞 + behind + 地點
主角因為動作而停在那個位置。 (He leftthe bike behind the library.)
這些句子裡有「動作動詞」(Left, Hiding),所以不需要 is 或 are!
- 當你在「描述位置」(靜態):The bike ISbehind the library. (腳踏車在圖書館後面。) → 這是我們前面學的模板。
- 當你在「描述動作」(動態):He LEFTthe bike behind the library. (他把腳踏車放在圖書館後面。) → 這裡 left 已經是動詞了,所以不需要加 is。
He left his bike behind the library.”
- 主角:His bike (他的腳踏車)
- 動作:Left (留下來/放著)
- 在哪裡:Behind the library(在圖書館的「後方區域」)
The children are hiding behind the big tree.”
- 主角:The children (孩子們)
- 動作:Are hiding (正在躲藏)
- 在哪裡:Behind the big tree(在大樹的「背後遮蔽區」)
I left my keys behind the flower pot.”
- 主角:My keys (我的鑰匙)
- 動作:Left (放著/忘了帶)
-
在哪裡:Behind the flower pot(在花盆的「後方區域」)
- She stood behind me in the queue.(她站在我後面的排隊隊伍中。)
downtown
downtown 名詞 市中心
- go to downtown(to 是介系詞,後面接名詞)
- Downtown is very busy today.
downtown 副詞 去市中心
- Does this bus go downtown? (不需要 to,downtown 直接修飾動詞 go 往哪裡去)
- They live downtown.他們住在市中心
- Do you work downtown?你在市中心上班嗎?
- She works downtown.(她在市中心工作。)
- Let’s go downtown.(我們去市中心吧。)
-
We are going downtown.(我們正要進市中心去。)(直接把 downtown 當副詞用)
- 當它前面接像 go, drive, head 這種動詞 → 表方向的副詞(去市中心)。
- 當它前面接像 work, live, stay 這種動詞 → 表地點的副詞(在市中心)。
移動名詞 + to 目的地
有位置、方向性的名詞,後面可用to 目的地
- Where is the entrance to the library?